LESSONS IN HORSE JUDGING. 31 



the diagram to show the broad outlines and more 

 evident markings; the picture to exhibit the 

 detail. 



Still referring to our Fig. 4, if you examine a 

 permanent nipper tooth, when it is extracted and 

 you can see the whole of it, you see that it is bent 

 almost in the form of a crescent, (Fig. 4, E). In 

 describing the tooth, we must suppose it divided 

 into two parts ; the visible part and the invisible 

 part. The visible part is all that standing above 

 the gums and is called the crown : the invisible 

 part is that imbedded in the jaw and covered by 

 the gums, and is called the fang. By studying 

 the anatomy of a nipper tooth in a rough way, 

 we can judge of a horse's age by the so-called 

 ' marks' of his teeth. In Fig. 4, E, is a section 

 down the middle of a nipper tooth from front to 

 back. Let the line a a represent the Hne of the 

 gums, then all above this is the ' crown' and aU 

 below it the ' fang.' The great bulk of the tooth 

 is seen to be made up of the part indicated by the 

 number 3, and is called the dentine. This sub- 

 stance has a coating of a substance termed 

 * enamel' {E 2), for the part of the tooth above the 

 gum or the ' crown, ' but where the tooth gets 

 fixed into its bony socket in the jaw, the ' den- 

 tine' is not covered by ' enamel' as in the ' crown,' 

 but by a very thin layer of bone, JE'G, called ^ crus- 

 ta petrosa.' This is a long hard name, but we 

 have done with it. Now pay attention exclu- 

 sively to the crown of the tooth (the part above 

 the gum hne a a), and you see that the enamel 

 E 2, after reaching the cutting surface of the 



