48 LESSONS IN HORSE JUDGING. 



every opportunity of verifying his knowledge 

 and noticing the many infirmities he ^vill meet 

 with, and studying them by the broad hght 

 which we have here attempted to shed upon the 

 subject. There are other methods of thoroughly 

 examining the eye, but these are only of use to 

 experts, surgeons, and veterinary surgeons, who 

 are devoting their hves to such subjects. 



Caution. — Do not mistake the optic nerve which 

 can be seen through the pupil of the horse for a 

 cataract, but which is distinguished by the ^ca- 

 toptric test.' 



Note, — The whole retina Fig. 5, D R, receives 

 images except the end of the optic nerve itself. 

 To prove this close your left eye by placing your 

 left hand over it, then hold Fig. 5 at arm's length 

 and look fixedly at the cross, and you see the 

 black spot as well. Now, still looking at the 

 cross, move it gently towards you, and as it ap- 

 proaches your face the black spot for a time 

 ceases to be seen. The distance is generally 

 seven or eight inches from the face. 



