60 LESSONS IN HORSE JUDGING. 



umn, however, is acted upon by other muscles 

 than those Httle ones stretched from bone to 

 bone. These muscles are among the largest and 

 most powerful muscles of the body, and bend the 

 bones of the neck very much upwards, as in 

 taking hay out of racks placed very high, or 

 very much downwards, as in grazing. The part 

 of the vertebral column forming the loins is also 

 much bent in galloping and leaping, but the 

 most movement is in the column forming the 

 tail. 



Shortly reviewing what we have said regard- 

 ing the movements of the back -bone or vertebral 

 column we have found that it can move itself , 

 and that it can he moved. That in moving itself 

 it does so by the little muscles which clothe it, 

 and that the amount of this movement only 

 amounts to what we have, somewhat inele- 

 gantly, termed a wriggle. That in being moved 

 by nmscles from without, the motion is far more 

 extensive. Lastly, we found that there was 

 most movement in the tail, the next in the neck, 

 and then in the loins, so that we have only to 

 add that there is next to no movement in the 

 back, and as has been mentioned, the bones of 

 the croup are glued together and quite immov- 

 able. 



Having said enough for the present about the 

 'back-bone' or 'vertebral column' in general, I 

 wish now to fix your attention upon that portion 

 of it, made up of seven bones, forming the neck. 

 In the fore part of this lesson we saw that the 

 bones of the neck ran diagonally, from below up- 



