68 LESSONS IN HORSE JUDGING. 



meets the extreme tip of this spine of the scapula 

 and props the shoulders back, and so keeps our 

 shoulders well back at all times. Were it not for 

 this bone, when, in using our arms, we stretched 

 them forward, there would be nothing to prevent 

 our two shoulders almost meeting in front. It is 

 the relative length of this bone that determines 

 the appearance of our shoulders. If growing 

 children are allowed to sit with their shoulders 

 huddled up, the two ends of this bone are unduly 

 pressed upon, and the double curve is increased 

 and the collar bone more bent, and, as a conse- 

 quence, more shortened, and the shoulder blades, 

 not being duly propped back, stick out behind, 

 and the child grows up ^ round shouldered. ' It is 

 owing to the slightly greater length of this bone 

 which gives Frenchwomen their more graceful 

 shoulders and chest. Lions, tigers, cats, &c., 

 use their fore extremities for seizing things and 

 holding them, so that they have clavicles or collar 

 bones Uke men and women. A third use of this 

 ' spine ' of the scapula is that it acts as a f ulciTim 

 or fixed point for muscles, also as a place for in- 

 sertion for tendons. 



45. — The next bone, called the 'humerus' or 

 arm bone, will be seen to be exactly alike in both 

 cases, only it is relatively very much longer in 

 man. In both it is a powerful bone, but espe- 

 cially so in the horse. Extremely large muscles 

 clothe it. 



46. — The next two bones are the radius and 

 ulna. In man, both these bones are continued 

 from the elbow joint to the wrist as separate 



