THE TEETH AS AN INDICATION OF AGE 37 



age of eight; thus all marks are obliterated at this 

 age on the lower jaw ; the surface of the teeth are 

 level and the form of the teeth changes to a more 

 oval form. 



The marks on the upper jaw are still present, 

 since there has been less friction and wear on them. 

 At nine the marks disappear from the central upper 

 incisors, at ten from the adjoining two, and at 

 eleven from the corner teeth. 



To tell the age of the horse beyond this period 

 is difficult and uncertain, except by those very 

 much experienced in performing the undertaking. 

 The shape of the teeth, the color and the conditk)n 

 all enter into the determination but there is no 

 fast and fixed rules after the marks have disap- 

 peared. 



TEETH OF CATTLE 



Cattle have no incisor teeth on the upper jaw. 

 They have eight incisors on the lower jaw. Ac- 

 cording to Mayo, the temporary incisors are as 

 follows : " The central incisors or nippers are up 

 at birth, the internal lateral at one week old, the 

 external lateral at two weeks, and the corner in- 

 cisors at three weeks old. They are replaced by 

 permanent incisors approximately as follows, 

 though they vary much more than in the colt: The 

 central incisors are replaced at 12 to 18 months; 

 the internal laterals at about two and a half years; 

 the external laterals at three to three and a half 

 years ; and the corner incisors at about three and 

 a half years. In the horned cattle, a ring makes 

 its appearance at three years of age, and a new ring 

 is added annually thereafter." 



