CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERMS. 231 



A number of the sedges yield food products, as the rhizomes 

 of Cypcrns csculejitiis and Elcocliaris tuhcrosa, the latter of which 

 is used in the manufacture of starch in China and India. Quite 

 a number of species of Scirpus, Cyperus, Carex, etc., are used in 

 medicine. Various species of Cyperus (C. scariosus, of the East 

 Indies, and C. pertenuis, of India) yield ethereal oils and are used 

 in making perfumery. Cyperus Papyrus is also used in medicine 

 and furnished the paper of the Ancients. 



II. ORDER PRINCIPES. 



In this order is included that interesting group of tropical 

 and sub-tropical plants the palms (Palmc-e). They are arbores- 

 cent, having simple unbranched trunks which are terminated by 

 clusters of leaves, in the axils of which flowers are produced. The 

 leaves are pinnate (Feather Palms) or palmate (Fan Palms) 

 and often very large. The petiole is well developed with an am- 

 plexicaul, more or less fibrous sheath. The inflorescence is usirdly 

 lateral, in some cases forming a large spadix with a woody, boat- 

 shaped spathc. In comparison the individual flowers arc very 

 small. The fruit is either a berry, as in the Date palm, or a drupe, 

 as in the Cocoa-nut palm, generally i-seeded and with a large 

 horny or bony endosperm, as in the Date palm (p. 233) and 

 Phytelephas macrocarpa, the latter of which yields vegetable 

 ivory, used in the making of buttons (Fig. 173). 



The fruit of the saw palmetto [Serenoa (Saba!) scrnilafa], 

 one of the fan palms, is official (p. 578). The saw palmetto is 

 characterized by having a creeping root-stock or rhizome one end 

 of which rises a short distance above ground, this portion being 

 surmounted by a dense crown of leaves. The petioles are slender 

 and spinose on the edges ; the blade is fan-shaped and consists of 

 a number of palmate divisions which are slightly cleft at the apex. 

 The inflorescence is densely tomentose and shorter than the leaves. 

 The fruit is a i-seeded drupe (Fig. 251). 



The palms yield a number of useful products. The Betel-nut 

 palm (Areca Catechu) produces a seed having medicinal proper- 

 ties (Fig. 127). The seeds, known as areca nut, are 20 to 25 

 mm. long, conical, grayish-brown, with numerous spiral, reddish 



