338 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY 



ginatus of Borneo. A resin known as " Piney resin," which is 

 used as a substitute for Dammar, is obtained from a number of 

 species of Valeria growing in India. Chaia resin is obtained 

 from Shorea nibi folia of Cochin China. The bark of Shorca 

 robusta of Northern India contains 32 per cent, of tannin. The 

 seeds of species of Shorea, Pinanga, Gysbertsiana and Isoptera 

 yield the fatty oil known in Java as Tangkawang. The seeds of 

 a number of plants of this family contain considerable starch, as 

 Vateria, Vatica and Doona. The woods of the following genera 

 are extensively used: Vatica, Shorea, and Hopea. 



g. FAMILY TAMARICACE^. The plants are halophytic 

 shrubs found in the desert regions of Central Asia and Mediter- 

 ranean countries and one genus (Foitqiticria) is found in Mexico. 

 Fonqideria splendens is cultivated to some extent, and is known 

 as Ocotilla or Coach-whip Cactus. The bark contains gum, resin 

 and wax ; the latter is known as Ocotilla w- ax and resembles 

 beeswax. The twigs of Myricaria germanica of Europe are used 

 as a substitute for hops. A manna-like sugar is formed on the 

 stems of Taniarix niannifcra growing in Egypt, Arabia and 

 Afghanistan, as the result of the sting of an insect {Coccus inanni- 

 parus). Tannin is found in a number of species of Tamarix as 

 well as in the galls formed on the plants, the tannin being used 

 for dyeing. A table salt is prepared from the ash of several 

 species of Rcaniniiria found in Northern Africa and the East 

 Mediterranean region. 



h. FAMILY BIXACE^. These are shrubs or trees found 

 in the Tropics, and are of interest chiefly on account of the seeds 

 of Bixa Orellana which furnish the coloring matter known as 

 Annatto (Orlean. Arnotta). The plant is found in tropical 

 America and also in Polynesia and ^Madagascar. The seeds are 

 covered with a fleshy arillus from which the coloring matter is 

 prepared by means of water. The insoluble matter is collected, 

 made into cakes and chiefly used for dyeing and coloring. Annatto 

 contains a red crystalline principle, bixin. a yellow coloring prin- 

 ciple, orellin. and an ethereal oil. The root of this plant also con- 

 tains some coloring matter. A acIIow coloring principle is found in 

 Cochlospcrmnm tinctorinm of Senegambia and an aromatic resin is 

 obtained from Cochlospermuin Gossypium of Ceylon and Malabar. 



