386 BOTAXY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



World. The flowers are arranged in heads on a common torus, 

 resembling in some cases those of the Compositae. 



Some of the plants are used in medicine, as the roots, leaves, 

 flowers and seeds of Fuller's teasel {Dipsaciis fullomim), the 

 roots of Succisa pratcnsis of Europe, and several species of Scabi- 

 osa and Cephalaria. The seeds of Ccplialaria syriaca w'hen ad- 

 mixed with cereals give a bread that is dark in color and bitter. 

 This family is, however, chiefly of interest on account of Fuller's 

 teasel, which is a cultivated form of Dipsaciis ferox, indigenous 

 to Southwestern Asia, the plant being cultivated in Europe and 

 New York State. The elongated, globular heads, with their firm, 

 spiny and hooked bra-cts, are used in the fulling of cloth. 



VIL ORDER CAMPANULAT.E. 



This order differs from the two preceding by having the 

 anthers united into a tube (syngenesious). It includes three prin- 

 cipal families, which are distinguished by differences in the char- 

 acter of the androecium : (a) Cucurbitacese, in which there are 

 three stamens, having not only the anthers united but the fila- 

 ments also ( monadelphous ) ; (b) Campanulaceae, in which there 

 are five stamens, both the filaments and anthers being united into 

 a tube; (c) Compositae, in v/hich there are five stamens, but the 

 anthers only are united, the filaments being separate (Fig. 82, A). 



a. CLXURBITACE.E OR GOURD FA^IILY. The plants 

 are mostly annual, tendril-climbing or trailing herbs (Fig. 66), 

 mainly indigenous to tropical regions. The leaves are alternate, 

 being opposite the tendrils, petiolate, and entire, palmately lobed 

 or dissected. The flowers are epigynous ; the petals are borne on 

 the calyx tube and frequently are united (campanulate) ; the ovary 

 is I- to 3-locular and with few or many anatropous ovules. The 

 fruit is a pepo. which is indehiscent but may burst somewhat 

 irregularly. 



CitrnUits Colocynthis is a trailing herb with deeply lobed 

 leaves. The flowers are yellow, axillary and moncecious, the 

 staminate being with short filaments and glandular pistillodes 

 (aborted pistils), and the pistillate having a 3-locular. globose 

 ovarv and three short staminodes. The fruit is globular, 5 to 10 



