CRUDE DRUGS. 517 



market under the name of " Cassia bark." In fact Cassia Cin- 

 namon is frequently known as China Cassia, or Canton Cassia or 

 Cassia Hgnea, all being synonymous for the same variety of bark. 

 Saigon Cinnamon is also known commercially as Saigon Cassia. 

 The barks of other species of Cinnamomum also find their way 

 into market and are used as substitutes or adulterants of Cassia 

 Cinnamon. These are bitter or nearly tasteless and are free from 

 any aromatic properties. 



Clove bark is obtained from Dicypellium caryophyllatum 

 (Fam. Lauraceae), a tree indigenous to Brazil. The bark comes 

 in long quills consisting of 6 to 10 pieces of bark. Externally 

 dark brown or purplish-brown ; fracture short, with a circle of 

 whitish stone cells near the periderm ; odor clove-like ; taste mucil- 

 aginous and aromatic, resembling cinnamon. 



A number of other products are also derived from species of 

 Cinnamomum, as the immature fruits of C. Loureirii, which con- 

 stitute the Cassia buds of the market. The latter are club- or top- 

 shaped, 5 to 10 mm. in diameter, with a short stem or pedicel, 

 externally dark brown, the 6-lobed perianth folded over the de- 

 pressed and smooth ovary. The odor is aromatic ; taste pungent, 

 aromatic and astringent. Cassia buds yield a volatile oil contain- 

 ing cinnamic aldehyde, which resembles that of Cassia Cinnamon. 



Wild Cinnamon, the bark of Cinnamomum pedatinervnm, a 

 tree indigenous to the Fiji Islands, yields a volatile oil containing 

 from 40 to 50 per cent, of linalool and safrol, 15 to 20 per cent, 

 of a terpene ; i per cent, of eugenol, and about 3 per cent, of 

 eugenol methyl ether. 



CINCHONA. CINCHONA BARK. The dried bark of the 

 stem and branches of various species of Ciijchona (Fam. Rubi- 

 aceae), trees indigenous to South America, but cultivated in nearly 

 all tropical countries, from which latter the commercial supplies 

 are obtained. There are two principal commercial varieties : ( i ) 

 Red Cinchona, which is yielded by Cinchona succintbra (p. 379), 

 and (2) Calisaya Bark, yielded by Cinchona Ledgeriana Calisaya. 

 When the trees are from 6 to 9 years old they are considered 

 to have the maximum amount of alkaloids and the bark of the 

 trunk as well as the roots is removed and allowed to dry. The 

 BARK OF THE STEM is used in the manufacture of galenicals, while 



