598 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



entire, slightly revolute ; upper surface dark green or brownish- 

 green, glabrous, midrib more or less depressed near the apex, veins 

 of the first order prominent, diverging at an angle of 35 to 50 

 and uniting with each other near the margin ; under surface 

 yellowish- or greenish-brown, pubescent, with numerous light- 

 brown projections, midrib prominent, yellowish-brown ; petiolule 

 3 to 5 mm. long ; glandular-punctate ; texture coriaceous, brittle ; 

 odor slight ; taste bitter, somewhat aromatic, becoming pungent. 



Paraguay Jaborandi. Oblong-lanceolate, ovate or obovate, 

 8 to 12 cm. long, 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; apex slightly emarginate; 

 base equal ; margin very slightly revolute ; upper surface dark 

 green, midrib and veins of the first order not very prominent, 

 the latter diverging at an angle of 25 to 45 ; under surface 

 grayish-green or light green, glabrous, with numerous papillae ; 

 midrib yellowish, with few short hairs ; frequently with numerous 

 black disks of a species of Puccinia on both surfaces ; texture 

 as in Pernambuco jaborandi, but only about one-half as thick. 



Maranham Jaborandi. Oblong-ovate, or oblanceolate, 1.5 

 to 4 cm. long. 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad; apex deeply emarginate; base 

 tapering into the petiolule ; margin distinctly revolute ; upper 

 surface bright green, glabrous, sometimes shiny, midrib promi- 

 nent, veins of the first order not very prominent, diverging at an 

 angle of 35 to 45; under surface grayish-green; frequently 

 with numerous black disks of a species of Puccinia on both sur- 

 faces ; petiolule about 8 mm. long; texture as in Paraguay jabor- 

 andi but thinner. 



Inner Structure. See Fig. 257. 



Constituents. About 0.5 to i per cent, of the alkaloid 

 pilocarpine, which occurs as a colorless, syrupy liquid, but forms 

 well-defined crystalline salts, the hydrochloride and nitrate being 

 official. It is very soluble in water, the solutions being dextro- 

 rotatory. Pilocarpine is decomposed by heat or alkalies and yields 

 an isomeric substance, isopilocarpine, which is an oily compound 

 and is usually present in the commercial nitrate of pilocarpine. 

 The alkaloid pilocarpidine has been obtained from the mother 

 liquors, after the crystallization of pilocarpine, as a syrupy sub- 

 stance forming a crystalline nitrate and resembling somewhat 

 pilocarpine in its physiological action. An alkaloid related to 



