CRUDE DRUGS. 683 



beneath the epidermis of the dorsal surface. Some of the berry- 

 Hke fruits are usually present. They are globular or ellipsoidal, 

 brownish-yellow or purplish-black, 5 to 7 mm. in diameter, with 

 a whitish bloom, more or less tuberculate, due to the tips of the 

 fleshy scales, and wrinkled ; the pulp is brownish and contains 

 from 2 to 6 ovoid, yellowish-brown seeds, 3 to 4 mm. long, longi- 

 tudinally grooved, particularly on the dorsal side, and enclosed by 

 a resinous membrane. The odor is slightly terebinthinate, and the 

 taste, bitterish and resinous. (See also Fig. 51.) 



Constituents. From 4 to 6 per cent, of a volatile oil con- 

 sisting of about 10 per cent, of an alcohol sabinol, 40 to 44 per 

 cent, of an ester of sabinol and acetic acid, a sesquiterpene, and a 

 principle with an odor of cumin aldehyde ; resin, and a small 

 amount of tannin. 



Allied Plants. Red Cedar (Jiiuipcnis virginiana) is a tree 

 or shrub of wide distribution in North America. The fruits are 

 purple, smaller, and contain fewer seeds than those of /. Sahina. 

 The constituents are also similar. The volatile oil of the wood 

 is known as red cedar wood oil and occurs to the extent of 2.5 

 to 4.5 per cent. The oil consists of so-called cedar camphor, or 

 cedrol, and cedrene. 



Juniper Berries are obtained from Juniperiis communis, a 

 small evergreen tree with subulate, prickly-pointed, verticillate 

 leaves, which is indigenous to North America, Europe and Asia. 

 The berry-like fruits are nearly globular, from 5 to 10 mm. in 

 diameter, somewhat wrinkled, purplish-black or dark brown, fre- 

 quently with a whitish bloom, with 3 to 6 minute bracts at the 

 base, and a triangular scar at the apex marking the line of separa- 

 tion of the carpels. The pulp is brownish and usually contains 

 three ovoid seeds, attached to which are 3 to 4 ellipsoidal oleo- 

 resinous masses. The odor is slight and the taste is sweet and 

 resinous. Juniper berries contain 0.5 to 1.5 per cent, of a volatile 

 oil containing pinene, cadinene, and a juniper camphor; 10 per 

 cent, of resin; 15 to 30 per cent, of dextrose; a yellow coloring 

 principle ; and yield 2 to 4 per cent, of ash. The oil and the fruits 

 are chiefly used in the manufacture of gin. 



The young twigs of arbor vit^ {Thuja occidcnfalis) , a coni- 

 cal tree indigenous from Canada to Virginia and extensively 



