740 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



in diameter; vittse (in fragments) from lo to 150 /x, wide and 

 showing a marked tendency to branch ; long, narrow, brownish 

 epidermal cells ; sclerenchymatous cells of carpophore short, with 

 simple pores and occasional scalariform thickenings (Fig. 244). 

 Italian Anise is occasionally admixed with conium, which is 

 distinguished by the absence of hairs and vittse and the presence 

 of coniine, which is determined by the development of the charac- 

 teristic odor on rubbing up the powder with alkalies or placing 

 the powder in a solution of potassium or sodium hydrate. The 

 following micro-chemical tests may be useful in determining the 

 presence of coniine, which occurs in the parenchyma and epi- 

 dermal cells of the fruit: Ammonium vanadinate and sulphuric 

 acid produce a blue color; iodine solution gives a reddish-brown 

 color; and picric acid gives a granular precipitate. 



69. CALENDULA. Bright yellow; epidermal cells long, 

 narrow, with numerous oil-like globules, irregular chromoplas- 

 tids and somewhat sinuate walls ; pollen grains spherical, with 

 numerous centrifugal projections, 3-pored, about 40 /x in diam- 

 eter ; non-glandular hairs consisting of a double row of cells and 

 with a I- or 2-celled apex; calcium oxalate in rosette-shaped 

 crystals about 4 /x in diameter. On adding the powder to water 

 the latter becomes a pale straw-color (Fig. 296, B). 



70. FCENICULUM. Yellowish-brown ; calcium oxalate in 

 rosette aggregates i to 2 /x in diameter, in aleurone grains 3 to 6 

 [I in diameter ; fragments containing vittae, which are 100 to 200 /x 

 wide; short, narrow, yellowish-brown epidermal cells of pericarp; 

 sclerenchymatous fibers few, thick-walled, with oblique pores; 

 parenchymatous cells slightly elongated or thick-walled, with 

 numerous simple pores, and occasionally reticulately thickened ; 

 oil globules numerous (Figs. 97, 246). 



13 In Monoclijtic Prisms. 



71. AURANTII AMARI CORTEX. Dark yellow; paren- 

 chymatous cells either somewhat collenchymatous or with simple 

 pores, walls 10 to 15 /a thick; calcium oxalate in monoclinic prisms 

 15 to 20 iJL in diameter; tracheae few, spiral, annular or with simple 

 pores. 



