POWDERED DRUGS AND FOODS. 763 



b. CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS WANTING. 



a With N on- glandular Hairs. 



138. STROPHANTHUS. Dark brown (Figs. 186; 284, A; 

 306) ; epidermal cells modified to long, i -celled, non-lignified hairs, 

 containing, in S. Kombe, colorless or yellowish-green granules and 

 in S. hispidus, dark brown granules ; parenchyma with fixed oil 

 and aleurone grains ; starch grains ellipsoidal, 4 fx in diameter. 



P Non-glandular Hairs Wanting. 



I. Sclerenchymatous Fibers Present. 



* Trachece Numerous. 



t Starch Grains 2 to 5 m in Diameter. 



139. CIMICIFUGA. Brownish-black (Fig. 217); tracheae 

 large, scalariform or with bordered pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers 

 numerous ; starch grains nearly spherical, 3 to 5 yu, in diameter ; 

 cells of periderm thick-walled and with reddish-brown contents. 



140. CYPRIPEDIUM. (See No. 133.) 



141. LEPTANDRA. Dark brown; tracheae scalariform or 

 with simple pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers narrow, thick-walled, 

 with numerous simple pores ; starch grains nearly spherical, 2 to 4 

 ju, in diameter ; parenchymatous cells nearly isodiametric or elon- 

 gated, containing starch grains and a brownish-black pigment. 



142. SPIGELIA. Brownish-black; tracheae few, lignified, 

 spiral or with simple pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers long, narrow, 

 lignified, with simple, oblique pores ; starch grains spherical, about 

 4 /Lt in diameter (Fig. 220). A not unusual substitute for spigelia 

 is the rhizome and roots of Ruellia ciliosa (Fig. 221) (No. 30). 



ft Starch Grains 5 to 15 or 20 M in Diameter. 



143. ZINGIBER. African and Calcutta ginger (p. 488) are 

 light brown in color, and the tissues resemble those in Jamaica 

 ginger (Fig. 214 ) (No. 61). 



144. TONKA. The parenchyma cells of the cotyledons con- 

 tain numerous spherical starch grains from 4 to 9 /n in diameter ; 



