POWDERED DRUGS AND FOODS. 765 



147. CONVALLARIA. (See No. 132.) 



148. SARSAPARILLA. (See No. 131.) 



149. SUMBUL. Dark brown ; sclerenchymatous fibers nu- 

 merous, narrow and ligniiied ; tracheae short, hgnified, scalari- 

 form, or with simple or bordered pores ; oil and resin-secretion 

 reservoirs; starch grains nearly spherical, 4 to 15 /* in diameter. 



150. VALERIANA. Brownish-black; tracheae strongly Hg- 

 nified, scalariform or with simple pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers 

 thin-walled, more or less lignified, with numerous simple pores ; 

 starch grains nearly spherical, 7 to 15 /a in diameter; stone cells 

 nearly isodiametric, with very thick walls and numerous simple 

 pores. 



151. METHYSTICUM (KAVA-KAVA). Starch grains 

 numerous, spherical, about 35 fi in diameter, often with radial 

 clefts or triangular fissures at the center ; yellowish resin and oil 

 cells ; sclerenchyma fibers narrow, with thin, strongly lignified 

 walls. 



** Trachea Few or None. 



152. CINCHONA. Light brown (Figs. 227; 299, B; 307; 

 307a) ; bast fibers spindle-shaped, thick- walled, strongly lignified, 

 with numerous simple pores ; starch grains nearly spherical, 4 to 

 12 ju, in diameter ; parenchymatous cells with reddish-brown tannin 

 masses. 



153. CINNAMOMUM. (See No. 130.) 



154. COFFEE. Brownish; characteristic fragments of seed- 

 coat made up of parenchyma and spindle-shaped stone cells 0.2 to 

 I mm. long and 15 to 50 /a wide, the latter occurring singly or in 

 pairs with more or less thickened, porous walls. The cells of the 

 endosperm have brownish-colored, porous walls, 10 ix thick, and 

 contain oil, aleurone and starch. Ground colTee varies in the fine- 

 ness of the particles, which are lighter than water and float on 

 the surface. This is an important distinction between genuine 

 coffee and the " substitutes " or " imitation " products which sink 

 on being mixed with water (Fig. 302, C). 



Coffee Hulls, also known as Sultan or Sacca cofTee, are 

 sometimes substituted for cofTee. These consist of the outer 

 layer of the pericarp and are characterized by a layer of some- 



