766 



BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



what curved, elongated cells which lie close to one another (pali- 

 sade cells), and the walls of which are mucilaginous and stained 

 by safranin and methylene blue, the yellowish protoplasmic con- 

 tents not being affected. 



Carob Bean (Ccratonia Siliqua, Fam. Leguminosse) in a 

 ground condition is not only used as cattle food, but has been 



Fig. 307a. A, C, bast fibers of the bark of Cinchona succirubra; B, bast fibers of the 

 bark of Cinchona Ledgeriana; D, stone cells of Cuprea bark (Remijia pedimcidata). After 

 Oesterle and Tschirch. 



substituted for coffee. It is distinguished by the sclerenchymatic 

 and crystal fibers, and the cells of the mesocarp, whiJi contain 

 reddish-brown, spiral masses that are colored a deep violet or blue 

 on heating with solutions of the alkalies. 



Coffee Substitutes. The following are commonly em- 

 ployed: Chicory (see No. 193); a number of the cereals and 

 cereal products (see Nos. 236 to 245) ; and soja beans; lupines, 

 peas, beans and hedionda, the seeds of Cassia fatida. Of the 



