8o6 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



in the bottle. The sokition may be afterwards further steriUzed 

 by means of steam if this should be found necessary, as in this 

 way only a perfectly sterile solution could be produced. 



The non-aniline stains give, as a rule, more reliable and con- 

 stant results in the study of cell walls, as in the roots, stems and 

 other parts of the plant, than the aniline stains. They include 

 the following: 



Beale's Carmine Solution, which is made as follows: Mix 

 0.6 Gm. carmine with 3.75 Gm. ammonia water (10 per cent.) ; 

 heat on a water-bath for several minutes ; then add 60 Gm. of 

 glycerin, 60 Gm. of water and 15 Gm. of alcohol, and filter. 



Grenacher's Borax-Carmine Solution. Dissolve 2 to 3 

 Gm. of carmine and 4 Gm. of borax in 93 c.c. of water and then 

 add 100 c.c. of alcohol (70 per cent.) ; shake and filter. When 

 this stain is employed the sections are freed from an excess by 

 the use of alcoholic solutions of borax or oxalic acid. 



Hover's Picro-Carmine Solution is made by dissolving 

 carmine in a concentrated solution of neutral ammonium picrate. 

 A solution of carmine and picric acid is known as Picro-Carmine 

 Solution. Carmine solutions give, with cellulose, the nucleus and 

 proteins a red color. 



Chlor-zinc-iodide Solution, or Schulze's Cellulose Reagent, 

 consists of anhydrous zinc chloride, 25 Gm. ; potassium iodide, 8 

 Gm., and water, 8.5 Gm., to which as much iodine is added as 

 the solution will dissolve. This reagent gives a violet color with 

 cell walls containing cellulose. Of the cell contents starch is the 

 only one which is affected by it, being colored blue. 



Bohmer's Hematoxylin Solution is prepared by mixing 

 the two following solutions and filtering after allowing the mix- 

 ture to stand for several days: (a) one part of a 3.5 per cent, 

 alcoholic (95 per cent.) solution of haematoxylin and (b) three 

 parts of a 0.4 per cent, aqueous solution of potassium alum. 



Delafield's Hematoxylin Solution, which is also incor- 

 rectly called " Grenacher's Hsematoxylin Solution," is made by 

 mixing the following solutions: (a) Hsematoxylin 4 Gm.. alcohol 

 25 c.c. and (b) 400 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of ammo- 

 nia alum ; this solution is exposed to the light for three or four 



