Contents. xiii 



PAGR. 



ROAD DRAINAGE 445 



The relation of water to roads, p. 446; Depth of under-drainage, 

 p. 446 ; Place for the drain, p. 447 ; Fall of the drain, p. 447 ; 

 Outlet of the drain, p. 448; Size of tile p. 448; Kind of tile, 

 p. 448; Surface drainage, p. 448; Slope of the road surface, 

 p. 449 ; Water-breaks, p. 449. 



TEXTURE OF ROAD MATERIALS 430 



Roads should be built in layers, p. 450 ; Uniformity of size of ma- 

 terial used, p. 451; Shape of fragment, p. 451; Cleanness of 

 material, p. 452. 



EARTH ROADS 452 



Forming the road-bed, p. 452 ; Utilizing the old road as a road bed, 

 p. 455 ; Preparing the road-bed a year or more in advance, p. 

 455 ; Roads on gravelly loam, p. 455 ; Roads In fine clay soil, 

 p. 455 ; Clay roads surfaced with gravel, p. 456 ; Sandy roads, 

 p. 456 ; The use of straw, saw dust and tan bank on sandy 

 roads, p. 457 ; Road gravel, p. 457 ; Clean white gravel not suit- 

 able, p. 458 ; Texture of gravel altered by crushing and screen- 

 ing, p. 458 ; Some gravels contain too much clay, p. 459 ; Gravel 

 roads, p. 459 ; Roads In swampy places, p. 460. 



STONE ROADS 461 



Macadam roads, p. 462; Construction of macadam roads, p. 462; 

 Fitting the road-bed, p. 463; Forming the shoulders, p. 463; 

 Kinds of rock for the road, p. 464 ; Foundation and surfacing 

 stone may be different, p. 466 ; Sorting boulders 'jefore crush- 

 ing, p. 466 ; Using limestone foi binding, p. 466 ; Roads made 

 without binding material, p. 467 ; Use of sand for binding, p. 

 467 ; Limestone for stone roads, p. 469 ; Spreading the rock on 

 the road-bed, p. 470 ; Thickness of layer, p. 473 ; Rolling, p. 



473 ; Size and weight of roller, p. 473 ; Amount of rolling, p. 



474 ; Manner of rolling, p. 475 ; Kind of roller, p. 475 ; Rock 

 crusher, p. 475 ; Revolving screen, p. 477 ; Earth and stone 

 roads combined, p. 477 ; Telford foundation, p. 478 ; Cul- 

 verts, p. 479. 



MAINTENANCE OF COUNTRY ROADS 480 



Section men necessary, p. 480 ; Road master, p. 481 ; Width of 

 tires controlled, p. 481 ; Maintenance and repairs, p. 482 ; Good 

 maintenance, p. 482 ; Maintenance of earth and gravel roads, 

 p. 483. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

 FARM MOTORS. 



FARM MOTORS 486 



ANIMALS AS MOTORS 487 



The horse as a motor, p. 487 ; Muscles are motors, p. 487 ; Strength 

 of muscles, p. 488; Need of great muscular strength, p. 489; 

 Rate at which a horse can generate energy, p. 489 ; Horse power 

 required to haul loads on a wagon, p. 490; horse power re- 

 quired to plow, p. 491 ; Increased speed diminishes the traction 

 power, p. 491 ; Diminishing the number of hours per day in- 

 creases the power of traction, p. 492. 



