324 Ground Water f Wells and Farm Drainage. 



When the requisite skill and judgment have not been 

 acquired for this work the man is provided with a meas- 

 uring stick with a sliding arm which extends at right 

 angles to the rod and long enough to reach the grade line. 

 It is then only necessary to hold the rod or "ditcher's 

 square" plumb to knqw whether the ditch has the depth 

 desired. 



396. Placing the Tile. When the ditch has been finished 

 the tile are laid with the tile hook, as represented in Fig. 

 142. With the aid of this tool they are placed rapidly 

 and accurately without getting into the ditch. Great care 

 should always be taken to turn and shift the tile until a 

 perfectly close joint is made all around. It does not do to 

 simply have them meet on the upper edge, they should fit 

 squarely and closely through the entire circumference and 

 if necessary tile too much warped to permit of this must 

 be discarded. 



Some prefer to place the tile with the hand, standing in 

 the ditch upon them, covering them as rapidly as laid with 

 4 to 6 inches of earth, taking care to get it thoroughly 

 packed and not to get the tile out of alignment. 



The greatest care should be exercised to pack the earth 

 thoroughly about the joints so as to avoid large open 

 cavities through which the water may rush during heavy 

 rains, washing dirt into the tile. 



Tile laying should begin at the outlet of the main, pro- 

 ceeding upward to the first lateral, where the junction 

 should be made and tile enough, laid in the lateral to per- 

 mit the main to be partly filled. The main may then be 

 carried on until the next lateral is reached, when this 

 should be commenced as before. Care should be exercised 

 not to leave the upper end of an unfinished line of tile open 

 for heavy rains to wash mud into it. If the line cannot be 

 finished before the rain the end may be guarded by closing 

 it with a board, brick or bunch of grass. 



