384 



Rural Architecture. 



Material required for 100 square feet of concrete floor 4 inches 

 thick with one-half inch of facing. 



Where cr.uslied rock cannot be had, but coarse gravel and 

 plastering sand are available, a good floor can be made, but 

 more cement must be used, usually 4 of sand and gravel to 

 1 of cement. 



TIES FOE CATTLE. 



The methods of tying cattle must vary widely with the 

 taste and objects of the owner. The essential objects to be 

 secured are: (1) comfort for the animals. This is neces- 

 sary whether the main object is milk, breeding or beef ; (2) 

 cleanliness, and (3) economy of time in tying and of space. 



PIG. 178. Wilder swinging stanchion. 



FIG. 179. Scott self-closing swinging 

 stanchion. 



475. The Stanchion. There is no tie for cows, if we ex- 

 ;pt die plain halter or rope, which has been so universally 



