184 THROUGH ANGOLA 



peditions, which harried rather than conquered 

 the Portuguese, a great fleet of twenty ships 

 appeared off Loanda in August 1641. The 

 Portuguese fled panic-stricken from Loanda on 

 the coast to Massangano, their township of the 

 interior. 



When peace was declared in Europe between 

 Holland and Portugal, a local truce was signed in 

 Angola, but broken by the Dutch, who attacked, 

 defeated, and captured Pedro Cazar, the Governor, 

 and 187 troops on the River Bengo. The Portu- 

 guese Commander of Massangano managed through 

 spies to liberate Pedro Cazar, and when a relief 

 expedition sent from the Portuguese colony of 

 Brazil, which had been infuriated by the loss of 

 her slave traffic, arrived with Francisco Sottomaior 

 in 1645, this officer, with the help of the Portuguese 

 at Old Benguella, landed at Cape Ledo, marched 

 to Massangano and relieved the garrison there 

 from its siege by a force of Dutch and native 

 troops. 



Sottomaior died soon after, but Salvador de Sa 

 Benevidcs, at the instance of Don Joao the Fourth 

 of Portugal, sailed in 1648 from Rio de Janeiro 

 with fifteen ships and 900 men. arrived off Loanda, 

 and demanded the surrender of that town. The 

 Dutch, who had 1000 white and many black 

 troops, took refuge in the fortress of Loanda, 

 and after repelling a first assault by the Portuguese 

 surrendered to their numerically inferior enemies. 

 After a thanksgiving service, and the rcchristen- 

 ing of Loanda to the name of San Paulo cla 

 Assompcaon clc Loanda (as it had been taken on 



