THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 87 



prehistoric man represents waves of migration from the greater 

 continent. 



Nevertheless the European record has enabled us to name and 

 define a number of distinct human species, and here the record of the 

 cultural evolution of man is also unusually complete. Hence Euro- 

 pean chronology is taken as a standard in describing discoveries from 

 any portion of the world. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 



(Adapted from Osborn, 19 15) 



Postglacial Time 25,000 years 



Upper Palaeolithic culture 

 Cro-Magnon man 



Fourth Glacial Stage (Wiirm, Wisconsin) 50,000 years 



Close of Lower Palaeolithic culture 

 Neanderthal man 



Third Ixterglacial Stage 150,000 years 



Beginning of Lower Palaeolithic culture 

 Piltdown and pre-Neanderthaloid men 

 Third Glacial Stage (Riss, Illinoian) 175,000 years 



Second Interglaci.'U, Stage 375,000 years 



Heidelberg man 



Second Glaci.al Stage (Mindel, Kansas) 400,000 years 



First Interglacial Stage 475,000 years 



Pithecanthropus, ape-man 

 First Glacial Stage (Giinz, Nebraskan) 500,000 years 



Pithecanthropus. — The Java ape-man, Pithecanthropus crcctiis 

 (Figs. 6 and 7, ^4), was discovered in Trinil, on the Solo or Bengawan 

 River in central Java, in 

 1894. The type consists of 

 a calvarium or skull cap, a 

 left thigh bone, and two 

 upper molar teeth. The 

 skull is characterized by its 

 limited capacity, about two- /^ \ — "/' ''"•sj'— ^f* ^ — \ 



thirds that of man ; and by U^f^lfzxrri^ ' ^ -^ '- 



the low flat forehead and 



beetling brows. Hence not 



only was the brain limited 



m its total size, but this ^^^- 6— Skull of Java ape-man, Pilhccan- 



• ,1 , r ^1 thropus crcctiis. (From Lull, after Dubois.) 



was especially true of the ^ ' ■ 



frontal lobes, which, as we have seen, are the seat of the higher intel- 

 lectual faculties. Thus, as Osborn says, although touch, taste, and 



\ 



