THE BEARERS OF THE HERITAGE 305 



individual differences of such organisms. In this connection it is a 

 significant fact that in young hybrids between two distinct species the 

 early stages of development, especially as regards symmetry and 

 regional specifications, are exclusively or predominantly maternal in 

 character, but the male influence becomes more and more apparent as 

 de\'elopment progresses until the final degree of intermediacy is 

 attained. 



■^Yom jhe evi dence at hand this much seems surejthatjLhe paternal 

 and maternal chromosomes respectively carry substances, be _they 

 ferments, nutritive materials or what not, that ar^ instrumental in 



_^mn^theJinaJL£axity of^ersoaaLch^Liacler^^ oliscrve to be 



egual ly he ritablejro m either Jine_of_ancestry. ,_I^s clear tha t most 

 of the characters of an adult organis m can not be merely the outcome 

 of any unitaryjubstance of the ^erni. Each is the product of many 



_cpoperating factors and for jhe fi nal outc ome a ny one cooperant is 

 probably just as important in its way as any other. The individual 

 characters which we juggle to and fro in our breeding experiments seem 

 apexed, as it were, on more fundamental features of organic chemical 

 constitution, polarity, regional differentiation, and physiological 

 balance, but since such individual characters parallel so closely the 

 visible segregations and associations which go on among the chromo- 

 somes of the germ-cells i: would seem that they, at least, are repre- 

 sented in the chromosomes by distinctive cooperants which give the 

 final touch of specificity to those hereditary characters which can be 

 shifted about as units of inheritance. ^^ 



Sex and heredity. — Whatever the origin of fertiUzation may have 

 been in the world of life, or whatever its earliest significance, the 

 important fact remains that to-day it is unquestionably of very great 

 significance in relation to the phenomena of heredity. For in all 

 higher animals, at least, offspring may possess some of the character- 

 istics originally present in either of two lines of ancestry, and this 

 commingling of such possessions is possible only through sexual repro- 

 duction. As has alr eady been seen , in the pairing of chro mosomes 

 previous to r eduction, Jhe_correspqnding^ member sof a pair always 



come together so that in_the final_segreg ation ea ch gamete is sure to 



have one of each kind although whether a given chromosome of the 



haploid set is of maternal or paternal origin seems to be merely a 



jnatter of chance. Thus, for instance, if we arbitrarily represent the 



chromosomes of a given individual by ABC, abc, and regard A, B and 



C as of paternal and a, b, and c as of maternal origin, then in synapsis 



