dently formed by three forces. First, the shape of the topo- 

 graphy as left by the glacial ice; second, the erosion which 

 has gone on both with the creek's aid and by side wash; third, 

 the effect of lacustrine action and forces which have been long 

 at work and have accomplished much as will be evident later. 



In observing the contour map it will be seen that this en- 

 bayment formerly stood at the lake's edge, but the lake has 

 since evidently receded. As one ascends the depression to 

 the eastward, (this depression is 500 feet wide, and more than 

 2,000 feet long to its southward turn), he will observe upon 

 the left hand a broad sloping beach extending eastward to the 

 turn mentioned. Its base begins in a line eight feet above the 

 present lake level, and gently and evenly ascends to a height 

 of eighteen feet above the lake. It is decidedly lacustrine in 

 shape and formation and can in no way be laid to river terrace 

 work. Across the valley southward no beach exists, the 

 peculiarity of the formation being 1 that the beach is found only 

 on the northern side. This beach occupies a space between A 

 and B on map 3. It will be seen that this beach, supposing 

 that the lake levels stood as indicated on the contour map, 

 marks the place that would be subject to the strongest wind 

 and wave action. The prevailing winds of this locality being 

 those of the same latitude, viz; southwest, and there being an 

 expanse of water surface some two miles long, it will be seen 

 how easily this beach might be developed. Remove the pres- 

 ent intervening mesophytic forest existing between this point 

 and the lake's margin; raise the lake level over 20 feet, and 

 one can readily imagine what the situation might be and what 

 the opportunities for the development of such a beach were, 

 The ecological factor in proving up the beach is close at hand. 

 



,A line of Salix nigra of full maturity skirts the lower edge 

 of the beach clearly indicating the former reach of water and 

 of willows, about eight in number, is plain and sharp in out- 

 lines, representing a gentle concave curve toward the present 

 channel. At the bases of these trees there is a somewhat 

 sharp declivity of about three feet indicating that while the 

 level of the water stood here, the outlet, for some reason, was 

 suddenly lowered. For the reason that the exact age of these 



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