willow trees was not ascertained at the time of the writer's 

 visit here, and no safe comparison can be now ventured be- 

 tween the ages ot these and other old trees lower and nearer the 

 lake, it is perhaps better to offer this last evidence with this 

 note. It seems that the line of Salix nigra spoken of indi- 

 cates the former margin of the lake shore. Whether this is 

 from the fact that water was formerly here and this is what ap- 

 pears to be so, or whether the trees in their growth took ad" 

 vantage of the shape and slope of the declivityls not positive. 

 Tt is better to use the evidence as corroborative perhaps, to 

 take the evidence of the line of willows with that of the exis- 

 tence ot the beach and the deposits of the bivalve shells. 

 The strongest evidence on the point would not be the ecologi- 

 cal, nor the geological but the zoological. When once 

 the two latter have been accepted, it is easy to see 

 the place and force of the ecological evidence. 

 Back of this beach formation, the surface rises rapidly 

 and abruptly twenty-four feet above the lake level. Beyond 

 this higher altitudes obtain until heights of fifty and sixty feet 

 are marked by the aneroid. 



On a level with the beach and on the northern side of 

 nearly the whole length of the embayment, which is between 

 7500 and loooo feet long, are numerous springs and peat bogs. 

 These springs' and bogs are perhaps among the most remark- 

 able things to be noted in the locality, for from their peculiar 

 nature emanate many other phenomena such as the preserva- 

 tion of old lacustrine biological remains and the cementation 

 by their calcareous waters of the glacial sand and pebbles of the 

 bog's vicinity into a conglomeratic mass. This is ot course 

 a post-glacial conglomerate. The spring waters, nearly al- 

 ways associated with the bogs, issue from the ground cold and 

 heavily charged with calcareous salts in solution, which, upon 

 the evaporation of the water, succeeded in cementing the peb- 

 bles and sand particles, among which the water was filtered, 

 into the conglomerate. These masses of cemented rock are 

 found quite plentifully here on the g"ul!y slopes and in 

 great hill side masses at Wabash. For illustration of this see 

 Fig 8. These spring waters on entering the lake, have their 

 temperature effectually raised so that any body with which 



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