civ CONTENTS 



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Chemical Compounds of the Cell. a. Proteids. b. Carbohydrates, 

 c. Fats. d. The Inorganic Constituents of Living Substance. 

 e. The Distribution of Substances in Protoplasm and Nucleus. 



II. LIVING AND LIFELESS SUBSTANCE 118 



A. Organisms and Inorganic Bodies. 1. Structural Differences. 

 2. Genetic Differences. 3. Physical Differences. 4. Chemical 

 Differences. B. Living and Lifeless Organisms. 1. Life and 

 Apparent Death. 2. Life and Death. 



CHAPTER III 



ELEMENTARY VITAL PHENOMENA 



I. THE PHENOMENA OF METABOLISM 137 



A. The Ingestion of Substances. 1. Food-stuffs. 2. The Mode 

 of Food-Ingestion by the Cell. B. The Transformation of In- 

 gested Substances. 1. Extracellular and Intracellular Digestion. 

 2. Ferments and their Mode of Action. 3. Assimilation and 

 Dissimilation, a. Assimilation, b. Dissimilation. C. The Out- 

 put of Substances. 1. The Mode of Output of Substances by 

 the Cell. 2. Secretions and Excretions, a. Secretions, b. Ex- 

 cretions. 



II. THE PHENOMENA OF FORM-CHANGES 177 



A. Phylogenetic Development. 1. Heredity. 2. Adaptation. 



B. Ontogenetic Development. 1. Growth and Reproduction. 



2. The Forms of Cell-division, a. Direct Cell-division, b. In- 

 direct Cell-division. 3. Fertilisation. 4. The Development of 

 the Multicellular Organism. 



III. THE PHENOMENA OF TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY 209 



A. The Forms of Energy. B. The Introduction of Energy into 

 the Organism. 1. The Introduction of Chemical Energy. 2. The 

 Introduction of Light and Heat. C. The Production of Energy 

 by the Organism. 1. The Production of Mechanical Energy. 

 a. Passive Movements, b. Movements by Swelling of the Cell- 

 walls, c. Movements by Change of the Cell-turgor. d. Move- 

 ments by Change of the Specific Gravity of the Cell. e. Movements 

 by Secretion. /. Movements by Growth. </. Movements by 

 Contraction and Expansion. 2. The Production of Light. 



3. The Production of Heat. 4. The Production of Electricity. 



CHAPTER IV 



THE GENERAL CONDITIONS OF LIFE 



I. THE PRESENT CONDITIONS OF LIFE UPON THE EARTH'S SURFACE 273 

 A. The General External Conditions of Life. 1. Food. 2. Water. 

 3. Oxygen. 4. Temperature. 5. Pressure. B. The General 

 Internal Conditions of Life. 



II. THE ORIGIN OF LIFE UPON THE EARTH 297 



A. Theories concerning the Origin of Life upon the Earth. 1. The 

 Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation. 2. The Theory of Cosmozoa. 



