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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY 



Metaphyta 

 (Plants) 



AngiospermcK 

 ((Plants having 

 covered seeds, 

 common flower- 

 ing-plants) 



GymnospermcK 



{Plants having 



naked seeds, 



conifers) 



FilicinecK 

 (Ferns) 



Muscinece 

 (Mosses) 



I 



Algce Fungi 



(Sea-weeds) (Mushrooms, 

 moulds, etc. ) 

 \, / 

 Protophyta 

 (Unicellular plants) 



Metazoa 

 (Animals) 



Vertebrata 

 (Back-boned animals) 



Echinodermata Arthropoda Tunicata Mollusca 

 (Starfishes, sea- (Crabs, in- (Tunicates) (Clams, 

 urchins, etc. ) sects, etc. ) snails, etc. ) 



Ccelenterata Vermes 



(Polyps, jelly-fishes, etc. ) (Worms) 



Gastrceada 



Protozoa 

 (Unicellular animals) 



Protista 

 Momra 

 SCHEME OF THE GENEALOGICAL TREE OF ORGANISMS. 



From the first living masses, which Haeckei terms Monera, 

 there were developed, by differentiation of the homogeneous 

 substance into nucleus and protoplasm, the first unicellular 

 organisms, Protista. The Protista constitute the group from 

 which, on the one side, plants, and, on the other side, animals have 

 been developed ; they comprise the lowest organisms now living. 

 Even among the Protista a differentiation as to metabolism 

 took place, and they were divided into the Protophyta, i.e., those 

 having plant-metabolism, and the Protozoa, i.e., those having 

 animal-metabolism. The former continued to construct their living 

 substance out of inorganic substances, while the latter simplified 

 their metabolism by employing the organic substance prepared by 

 the former. From the Protophyta are derived all plants (Meta- 

 phyta), from the Protozoa all animals (Metazoa), as follows : From 

 the Protophyta two branches went off, the sea-weeds (Algce) and 

 the moulds, etc. (Fungi). Of these two the former group developed, 

 and from it arose in direct descent the mosses (Miiscinece), from 

 them the ferns (Filicinece), from the ferns the plants that have naked 

 seeds (Gymnospermce), and from the latter, finally, the plants that 

 have covered seeds (Angiospermce). The last group shows the 



