n8 STUDIES IN GEOLOGY, No. 4 



ignoring the usually mixed climatic character of early Ter- 

 tiary floras, and the association of tropical and temperate 

 types under favorable conditions of humidity, and basing his 

 conclusions on the broken character of the fossil remains of 

 these temperate types, reaches the conclusion that the tem- 

 perate and the subtropical elements were contemporaneous, 

 but that the latter were coastal forms under a subtropical 

 climate, while the former grew in the vicinity at elevations 

 which he suggests amounted to 6,500 feet or more, and were 

 brought by streams to the littoral basin of sedimentation. If 

 this is true, it indicates a considerable mountain chain of the 

 Andean type forming the axis of Graham Land at that time 

 as it does at present. The only evidence bearing on the age 

 of the folding, which may really have little bearing on the 

 time of elevation, is the presence at Hope Bay, on Graham 

 Land, of an extensive late Jurassic flora 27 found in conti- 

 nental beds which are involved in this folding. Dusen con- 

 cludes that this Tertiary Antarctic flora is older than that of 

 the Fagus zone of the Magellanian beds but this can not be 

 considered as proven. 



Poorly preserved mollusks associated with the plants are 

 considered by Wilckens to represent what he calls the Pata- 

 gonian molasse, but since the latter is more or less compo- 

 site, as Windhausen 28 has shown, and includes faunal ele- 

 ments belonging to the lower Eocene San Jorge formation 

 as limited by the latter author, the evidence for the correla- 

 tion adopted by Andersson 29 can not be said to be conclusive. 

 The presence of Zeuglodon vertebrae, described from this 

 locality by Wiman, should probably be considered as evidence 

 of upper Eocene age. I would therefore dissent from 

 Wilcken's conclusions that this plant-bearing sandstone is 



27 Halle, T. G., The Mesozoic flora of Graham Land. Swedish South 

 Polar Exped. 1901-1903, Band 3, lief 4, 123 pp., 9 pis. 1913. 



28 Op. Cit. 



29 Andersson, J. Gunnar, On the geology of Graham Land. Bull. 

 Geol. Inst. Upsala., vol. 7, pp. 19-71, pis. 1-6, 1906. 



