THE THEORY 5 



3. Natural Selection, just as it brings about 

 diversity of structure by acting on individuals, 

 so it must bring about diversity of structure 

 by acting upon associations of individuals. 



4. These diversities of structure found in 

 the unequally valuable members of societies, 

 control Natural Selection in such a way that 

 the less valuable are more liable to destruction 

 than the more valuable. 



1. If Darwin's theory of Natural Selection 

 accounts for the evolution of organic matter, 

 if Natural Selection appreciates the more or 

 less small, continuous, or discontinuous varia- 

 tions which occur among the individuals of a 

 species, or even if it cannot appreciate these 

 but only larger variations, mutations 

 if Natural Selection can do this, it must 

 appreciate the relatively great differences 

 which frequently distinguish male from female, 

 old from young. If the scales of Natural 

 Selection can detect a small difference be- 

 tween two individuals, it must be able to 

 easily detect great differences. 



If chance alone does not govern the selec- 

 tion of very similar individuals, it is unlikely 

 to do so when the individuals are very 

 different. If the chance of taking one bird 

 out of two hen birds is not half, because, 



