104 CONTROLLED NATURAL SELECTION 



To this must be added the sacrificing and 

 combative instincts which are used by the 

 parents for the protection of the young, and 

 by the male for the protection of the female. 

 Female protection by this method is not very 

 common in Nature ; the best examples are to 

 be found in the higher animals, and especi- 

 ally those which live together in societies : 

 herds are often thus protected by the males. 



All possible combinations, of attracting and 

 protecting colorations, will now be briefly 

 considered. 



(7= conspicuous or attracting coloration. 

 /= inconspicuous or cryptically coloured. 

 P= parents. 

 Y= young. 



P C Very common, especially in species 

 Y 1 which form themselves in societies of 

 families ; but also rarely in other species 

 in which the parents do not look after 

 the young. To protect the more valu- 

 able young, in the latter case, in the 

 absence of the formation of a society. 



P I Almost unknown, and forming ex- 



Y C ceptions to the rule. Examples can 



often be explained; for instance, the 



young frog, the tadpole, when black 



and conspicuous, is not palatable. 



