CONTROLLED NATURAL SELECTION 

 enclose them during copulation (the Cow-dung 



Fly). 



In 'other cases, although not on top of the 

 female, the males are more ready to hand 

 because the pair takes up a particular position 

 in space ; for instance, the female may hang 

 pendent from the male, this will encourage 

 an enemy to seize the male : the bird would 

 consider the point of suspension to be the 

 head- end, and therefore seize this as being 

 the most valuable part. 



2. Movement. When attempts at escape 

 are made, it is almost invariably the rule that 

 the male flies or runs carrying the female ; in 

 order to prevent escape, the bird will invari- 

 ably strike at the moving parts, the male : 

 where there is movement there is vulnerability 

 (many lepidoptera). Even when actual escape 

 is not attempted, the male will often make 

 attracting flutterings of his wings when dis- 

 turbed ; this is a very common character 

 (most noctuce). 



3. Colour. Attracting colour in the male 

 is common ; when both sexes are conspicuous 

 the colour is usually " warning." 



4. Mimicry. It is common to find only 

 females mimicking and thereby gaining pro- 

 tection. The absence of mimicry on the part 



