HUMAN AND OTHER SOCIETIES 



of the males renders them liable to be 

 attacked. 



5. Sound. Males make sounds during copu- 

 lation, especially when disturbed or captured. 



6. Scent. When both males and females 

 are scented, the odour which they exhale is 

 usually obnoxious and either advertises un- 

 palatableness or renders them unpalatable. 

 When males alone are scented they are per- 

 fumed ; this renders them especially attractive 

 rather than repulsive. 



7. Dances are often made by males, who 

 thus render themselves open to attack. The 

 females do not leave cover except for a 

 moment to join the males and be fertilised. 

 These are pre-copulatory displays similar to 

 those found in birds. Will not the dances of 

 the Bower Birds, the running in and out of 

 the bower, the display of bright objects on 

 the ground around the bower, draw the attack 

 of enemies and clear the air for copulation ? 



8. Males seek the females, thereby expos- 

 ing themselves to enemies more than females. 

 It seems, therefore, that the Theory is able to 

 explain the vast number of secondary sexual 

 characters of insects. 



Other societies must now be considered, and 

 first the Herd. Here, no new kind of indi- 



