AND WINE MAKING. 79 



to its subterranean retreats. It spreads in the wingless 

 state from vine to vine, and from vineyard to vineyard, 

 when these are adjacent, either through passages in the 

 ground itself, or over the surface. At the same time it 

 is able, in the winged condition, to migrate to much 

 more distant points. The winged females, as before 

 stated, begin to appear in July, and continue to issue 

 from the ground until vine growth ceases in the fall. 

 Yet they are much more abundant in August than during 

 any other month, and on certain days may be said to lit- 

 erally swarm. Every piece of root a few inches long, and 

 having rootlets, taken from an infested vine at this sea- 

 son, will present a goodly proportion of pupae ; and an 

 ordinary quart preserve jar, filled with such roots and 

 tightly closed, will furnish daily, for two or three weeks, 

 a dozen or more of the winged females, which gather on 

 the sides of the jar toward the light. We may get some 

 idea, from this fact, of the immense numbers that dis- 

 perse through the air to new fields, from a single acre of 

 infected vines, in the course of the late summer and fall 

 months. 



" If to the above account we add that occasionally 

 individuals abandon their normal underground habit, and 

 form galls upon the leaves of certain varieties of grape- 

 vine, we have, in a general way, the whole natural his- 

 tory of the species." 



He takes the ground that it is the cause of most of the 

 diseases in the Labrusca class, and especially in the 

 Catawba, as a vine with a diseased root can not produce 

 healthy fruit, and these conclusions are certainly logical. 

 He advises grafting on Phylloxera proof roots as a reme- 

 dy, and to those wishing to save such varieties as the 

 Catawba and Delaware, this is certainly the best course. 

 But I think that they are already superseded by grapes 

 of better quality, and my advice is to plant none but 

 Phylloxera proof varieties. So far as I know, the follow- 



