AND WINE MAKING. 133 



extent, and Champion still less. Worden is increasing in 

 favor. Catawba, Wyoming Red, Pocklington, Niagara, 

 Agawam, Delaware, Martha, and some others, are grown. 

 Of new varieties the Mover, Coleraine, Eaton and Dia- 

 mond are found in the vineyards of progressive growers. 

 Diamond has proved quite satisfactory in flavor, produc- 

 tiveness and shipping qualities, but its liability to attacks 

 of anthracnose renders faithful spraying necessary to its 

 successful cultivation. 



In the early years of grape culture in this region, it 

 was the usual practice to set the roots at a distance of 

 eight feet, or even less, each way. But in the more 

 recently planted vineyards, Concord and other strong- 

 growing vines are placed nine feet apart both ways. It 

 is regarded as desirable to have the rows extend north- 

 erly and southerly, with a view to more uniform expo- 

 sure to sunshine. The so-called arm and renewal system 

 of pruning and training is almost invariably employed 

 in the Chautauqua grape belt. Posts of chestnut or oak, 

 seven or eight feet long, are set, one to every third vine 

 in the row. The spade and post-hole augur are little 

 used in modern practice. The posts are sharpened at 

 one end, and holes made by the aid of an iron bar, ter- 

 minating in a long slim cone of iron or steel, which is 

 cast on the bar and finished in a lathe. Into the hole 

 made by this bar the sharpened end of the post is driven 

 by a cast-iron maul weighing from fourteen to seven- 

 teen pounds. A recent successful method is to drive at 

 least every alternate post the first year after the roots 

 are planted, and string only the lower wire. Then all 

 of the first year's growth having been removed, except 

 one strong cane, this is cut back to the wire and tied 

 firmly. As the shoots start they are all rubbed off 

 except the two uppermost, which, in the course of the 

 season, grow along and cling to the wire, forming arms 

 for the future. The ensuing spring the trellis is com- 



