514 



AMERICAN HOME GARDEN. 



loose loops, through which the shoot runs ; and it will gener- 

 ally be found convenient to alternate the sides on which the 

 nails are driven, so that the shoot may be strained in any de- 

 sired direction. In training immediately upon brick walls, 

 small cast nails are used like those which bootmakers call 

 " sparrow-bills," but larger ; but to avoid the necessity of 

 nailing into brick, a frame or trellis, as in open culture, is 

 often set between the wall and the tree, upon which the young 

 shoots may be tied securely but not tightly to their places by 

 strips of bass mat or other material. 



All growth shoots thrown directly forward from the face of 

 the tree, and all branching growth from the young shoots that 

 are laid into place, must be suppressed as soon as they start, 

 and all over-luxuriance or disproportion in the growth of any 

 one or more of the shoots of the season must be prevented by 

 watchful summer pruning. 



In the winter pruning these shoots of the season are cut 

 back, according to the vigor of their growth, to the length of 

 from ten to fifteen inches, more or less, as shown in Fig. 310. 



Fig. 310. 



Tig. 811. 



Young fan-trained tree with its first year's 

 growth cut back at the winter pruning. 



Young fan-trained tree with its second 

 year's growth, each main shoot having 

 thrown out two secondary ones. 



From each of them the next season three shoots, a main 

 and two opposite side shoots, may be suffered to grow, as Fig. 

 311. These, like the former year's shoots, are to be laid into 

 place, summer pruned with the same care, and nailed or tied 



