AMERICAN HOME GARDEN. 



515 



as above directed ; cut back each of them at the winter prun- 

 ing according to the strength of the individual shoot, shorten- 

 ing the secondary shoots in general to about half the length 

 allowed to the main ones, or cutting them nearly as far back 

 as to where the main shoots of the season started, as shown in 

 horizontal training, Fig. 315. 



This process is continued from year to year, permitting sec- 

 ondary side shoots to branch off from the main ones as the 

 spaces between them widen with their extension, until the 

 whole surface appropriated to the tree is covered with its 

 growth, regularly laid in against the wall, or fence, or trellis, 

 in a flat fan form, as Fig. 312. 



rig. 312. 



A full-sized fan-formed tree, cr, a. 



Dotted line showing the point to which a diseased tree 

 may be cut back. 



When trained trees have thus filled up their allotted space, 

 they must be absolutely limited to their specific boundaries, 

 and only so much wood permitted to grow from year to year 

 as may be required to fill up the blank spots made by the win- 

 ter pruning. From the very first the trees are to be carefully 



