Viii CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER III. 



STEM- AND TOP-GKOWTH, APPENDAGES, AND CIRCULATION. 

 SECTION PAOB 



22. Stem-growth 20 



23. General Classes of Stems 21 



24. Heart- wood and Sap-wood 22 



25. Proper Height of Fruit-tree Stems 22 



26. Stem-protection 23 



27. Proper Mode of Branching 23 



28. Leaf- and Fruit- buds 24 



29. Adventitious and Lateral Buds 27 



30. TheLeaf 27 



31. Sap and its Movements 28 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE FLOWERS AND FRUITS. 



32. Parts of the Flower 32 



33. Inferior and Superior Flowers 33 



34. Monoecious and Dioecious Flowers 34 



35. Perfect and Imperfect Flowers 35 



36. Cross-pollination 35 



37. Nutrition of the Fruit Blossom 35 



38. Long-blossoming Period ; 36 



39. Possible Flower Production 36 



40. The Fruit and its Maturation 37 



41. Air-drainage 37 



42. FruitSoils 38 



43. Fruits as Modified by Climate 38 



CHAPTER V. 



MODES AND PRINCIPLES OF PROPAGATION. 



44. Some Preliminary Considerations 40 



45. Root-grafting in Europe 40 



46. Some European Criticism 41 



47. Commercial Stocks 42 



48. Propagation by Seeds 43 



49. Propagation by Suckers 43 



50. Propagation by Root-cuttings 44 



