TRAXSPLAXTIXG FRUITS AXD ORXAMEXTALS. 107 



different soils and subsoils. In southern Georgia, for 

 instance, the writer has seen peach-trees with stems fifteen 

 inches in diameter and a spread of branches of thirty feet. 

 In the same way the apple, pear, cherry, and plum vary 

 exceedingly in size of tree and spread of root in different 

 climates. The established distances apart can best be 

 given by separating the different species into small groups. 



113. Distance Apart of Apple- and Pear-trees. In such 

 apple-growing belts as some portions of New York, Penn- 

 sylvania, Missouri, and Arkansas, the apple and pear 

 attain very large size with great spread of root. In such 

 sections forty feet each way is close enough for planting. 

 Where experience has shown that the trees attain less size 

 in thirty years, thirty-three feet apart each way is pre- 

 ferred by experienced planters. In the prairie States from 

 thirty to forty feet apart is preferred on the loess soils of 

 soutlnvest Iowa, while on the northern limit of apple- and 

 pear-growing much closer planting is permissible, as the 

 varieties grown are much smaller in size when fully 

 developed. Perhaps the best plan on the northern limits 

 is to plant in rows running north and south sixteen feet 

 apart, with a space of thirty feet between the rows. This 

 plan gives air-circulation, and the thick north and south 

 planting gives needed protection of the stems and forks 

 from sun-scald. Where the climate permits the growing 

 of pyramid apple-trees on Doucin stocks the usual distance 

 apart is fifteen feet each way, and dwarf trees on Paradise 

 stocks are planted only eight feet apart each way. Dwarf 

 pears on quince roots are usually planted twelve feet apart 

 each way. The sand and snow pears are smaller in tree 

 than the European varieties and are usually planted only 

 twenty feet apart each way. 



114. Double Planting of Orchards. The wide spaces 

 thirty to forty feet between the small trees of apple or 



