SPRAYING FOR INSECTS AND FUNGI 145 



knots, by the writer as early as 1876, and at the Exposi- 

 tion in Philadelphia it was recommended for scale insects 

 by European florists. On the plum-knot wounds it was 

 used freely, but on oleander and other plants infested with 

 scale it was used on the cloth with which the scale was 

 wiped off. 



The present use of kerosene and petroleum for scale and 

 other insects by spraying trees in the dormant period dates 

 only from the advent east of the Rocky Mountains of the 

 San Jose scale. At this time (1901) the final effect of 

 drenching trees with kerosene or petroleum prior to leaf 

 expansion is not fully known. Apple and other trees well 

 drenched by spraying two years in succession show clean 

 bark and general thrift not found on uusprayed trees. 



Since 1885 the appearance of the apple scab, grape rot, 

 anthracnose, and other fungi in large commercial planta- 

 tions has led to hundreds of trials at the experiment sta- 

 tions and by private growers of various fungicides. At 

 this time nearly all the experiment stations send out each 

 year spraying calendars giving reliable information up to 

 date. Those interested in a more minute statement of the 

 recent evolution of spraying are referred to Lodeman's 

 reliable book on " Spraying. " 



156. Spraying for Codling-moth Arsenite of Lime Solu- 

 tions. John N. Dixon in 1877 and 1878 used a weak 

 solution of white arsenic (155). With increased experience 

 he wrote in 1881: "I consider the arsenic solution as 

 complete a remedy for the codling-moth as for the canker- 

 worm. When the apples are from the size of a bird-shot 

 to that of a pea, if the orchard is carefully sprinkled with 

 arsenic water at the rate of one pound of white arsenic to 

 two hundred gallons of water it will not leave a canker- 

 worm, codling-moth, tent-caterpillar, or buculatrix in the 

 orchard. In view of this perfect and inexpensive remedy, 



