SPRAYING FOR INSECTS AND FUNGI. 157 



appear. But recent experience favors the first spraying 

 with the double strength Bordeaux mixture before growth 

 starts in the spring and continue with the ordinary 

 strength at intervals of two weeks until the fruit is two 

 thirds grown. During the seasons when the black rot is 

 specially common the later applications, to prevent color- 

 ing of the fruit, are made with ammoniacal carbonate of 

 copper, which is made by dissolving one ounce of carbonate 

 of copper in one pint of strong ammonia. When used it 

 is diluted with from eight to ten gallons of water. This 

 solution is used in place of the Bordeaux mixture on 

 ornamental plants and in all cases where the standard 

 mixture is liable to color fruits. The powdery mildew of 

 the grape is a surface-feeding fungus and easier to manage 

 than the rots. If it occurs in connection with the rots the 

 ordinary spraying will destroy it. But at the North and 

 in the West it often occurs as a single disease. In such 

 cases the flowers of sulphur is often used in a dry state by 

 dusting, or by spraying with sulphured water. If it occurs 

 when the fruit is well advanced the carbonate of copper 

 dissolved in ammonia is used. 



As with the raspberry the anthracnose or bird's-eye rot 

 of the grape is the most difficult disease to treat success- 

 fully. This is an old disease of the grape in the wine- 

 producing districts of Europe. The European treatment 

 has proven successful where tried in this country, but it 

 must be methodically practised. In the dormant season 

 the canes, vineyard-stakes, and wires are washed with a 

 solution of water, iron sulphate, and sulphuric acid. The 

 formula is one hundred parts of water, with as much iron 

 sulphate as the water will dissolve. To this mixture one 

 part of sulphuric acid is added. It is applied with swabs 

 or brushes with quite long handles and it blackens every- 

 thing it touches. It needs care, as it is caustic if it gets 



