258 IIORTICULTUEAL MANUAL. 



wire is raised, lifting them up to an angle of about 45 

 degrees. If any of the canes are too upright they are tied 

 to the wire or pressed under it. In this position the fruit- 

 buds develop more evenly and the fruit grows larger and 

 better on account of leaning away from the sun and the 

 shading by the young canes growing upright south of them 

 for next year's fruiting. In practice this plan gives less 

 work and trouble in laying down, increases the quantity 

 and quality of the fruit, and separates the bearing from 

 the new wood, which is a gain in picking the fruit and a 

 gain in summer pinching of the new canes and in cutting 

 out the old canes after bearing. In parts of the country 

 where these fruits are not laid down, the plan of stretching 

 a wire on low stakes north of the rows will answer the 

 purpose of staking. The bearing canes are bent north and 

 tied to the wire and the new canes growing upright are not 

 in the way of fruit -picking, shade to some extent the fruit, 

 and as our summer storms are mainly from the south they 

 are not as liable to be broken down, as they will rest against 

 the bearing canes and wire. 



250. Staking Raspberries and Distance Apart. On rich 

 ground the black caps and purple-cane varieties, and also 

 the reds grown, as they should be, in stools, should be 

 staked or supported on both sides by wires on low stakes. 

 Stakes, if kept in the dry when not in use, are durable and 

 the expense of staking is not as great as is usually sus- 

 pected. Fuller says: " The cost of stakes is less than two 

 cents each, and I cannot afford to grow raspberries with- 

 out staking, because every stake will save on an average 

 ten cents' worth of fruit, and in many instances three times 

 that amount." In the East, chestnut stakes are mostly 

 used, and in the West, cedar stakes sawed out for this use 

 in Tennessee are not much more expensive than pine, and 



