THE RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY. 259 



the same is true of nursery and fruit-tree label stakes from 

 Tennessee. 



In Europe the plan of staking is shown in Fig. 78, with 

 bearing wood tied to the stakes and the new canes growing 

 up between the stakes. 



FIG. 78. European plan of staking the raspberry. 



The culture is usually only one way. The rows are 

 about six feet apart and the bearing stools should be from 

 two to four feet apart, depending on the variety as to 

 vigor of growth. 



The sprouting kinds are planted about two feet apart 

 in the rows and the sprouts that come up are treated as 

 weeds. But some care is needed from year to year in the 

 way of taking out the suckers from the stools where they 

 are too thick and preserving them where too thin. In 

 practice the stools are not permanent in position, as the 

 strong suckers will not always be found on both sides alike, 

 so the stools change position about every year. 



The black-cap varieties, and such purple canes as 

 Shaffer and Ellisdale, are more permanent in position and 

 make a broader extension of stool. Hence the rows should 

 be at least two feet further apart than the sprouting 

 varieties. 



251. The American Blackberries. It is beyond doubt 

 true that we have in the United States the largest and best 



