THE APPLE. 19 



Flesh: White or greenish white, mostly firm and crisp, rarely tender 

 and marrowy, pure sweet to pure acid, never really spicy. 

 Core: Mostly regular and closed. 

 Orders and Suborders as in Class XIV. 



A DOUBLE SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 



1862. Dr. Ed. Lucas presented the view that every fruit must be 

 classified according to two systems: 



1. Artificial; based on external characters and period of ripening. 



2. Natural; based on internal characters and the fruit as a whole. 

 In his artificial classification Lucas divides first by the season into 



summer, fall, and winter; each of these groups into flat, round, taper- 

 ing, oblong, thus giving 12 classes. Each of these are divided into 

 three orders according to color : 



1. Ground-colored; 2. Colored; 3. Striped. 



Each of these is further subdivided into 1. Calyx open; 2. Calyx 

 half-open; 3. Calyx closed. 



This makes a total of 228 subdivisions. 



Lucas' natural system follows Diel's closely, but some of the sub- 

 groups have been raised to the rank of families, making the total 15. 

 The first 12 are natural groups, the last 3 artificial, containing vari- 

 eties difficult to classify otherwise. 



Lucas' combined artificial and natural classifications give a total 

 of 1620 separate groups. This system has had long and thorough 

 trial in Germany, and is probably the best and most elaborate of the 

 modern natural systems of classification. The account here given is 

 translated from " Einleitung in das Studium der Pomologie, " by Dr. 

 Ed. Lucas, Reutlingen, Germany, 1877. 



TWO AMERICAN SYSTEMS. 



1867. John A. Warder in his " American Pomology " presented 

 the following classification: 



Class I. Oblate or flat, having the axis shorter than the trans- 

 verse diameter. 



Order I. Regular. 



Order II. Irregular. 



Section 1. Sweet. 



Section 2. Sour. 



