272 GENERAL REMARItS ON THE Chai-. XVI. 



and PimenteUa glomerata, and a little higher up are numerous 

 trees of the two valuable species of C. ovata, namely, a vul- 

 garis and /3 rufinervis, with very large ovate leaves, the 

 latter being distinguishable by the deep red of the leaf-veins. 

 The Cascarilla hullata grows with them, and extends still 

 higher up the sides of the mountains. The bark of the /3 

 rnfinervis variety is habitually used to adulterate the Cali- 

 saya, which it very closely resembles, and is called zamba 

 morada by the cascarilleros, while the a vulgaris variety is 

 known as morada ordinaria. ]\rartinez said that the zamba 

 morada was very tenacious of life, and that, having once 

 thrown a^^■ay a branch amongst some moss, he found it a fort- 

 night afterwards, still throwing out shoots. Both varieties of 

 C. ovata yield valuable barks. 



Above the zone of the C. ovatas, and nearer the snowy 

 Cordillera (for lower down the valley the forests cover the 

 crests of the mountains), commence the open grassy pajotiales, 

 which I have already described. Here the formation is 

 exactly the same as. that in the valley of Tambopata ; and 

 the vegetation of the thickets which fill the gullies, and are 

 interspersed over the grassy glades, consists of kuaturus, 

 Gaultherice, VaccinicB, Lasiandrce, and other Mela^tomaeece, 

 Ghinchonce, palms, and tree-ferns. The chinchonae consist of 

 C. Caravayensis, and of the shrubby variety of C. Calisaya, 

 which is called ycliu cascarilla by the natives. The shrub 

 Calisaya (/3 Josephiana) is generally from six and a half to ten 

 feet high, but I met with an individual plant which I believe to 

 belong to this variety, which had attained a height of eighteen 

 and a half feet ; and this inclined me to think, at the time, that 

 this shrubby form could not even be considered as a variety of 

 the normal C Calisaya, and that its more lowly habit was 

 merely due to the higher elevation and more rigorous climate 

 in which it grew. Dr. Weddell remarks that its appearance 

 varies very much according to the situation in which it grows. 



