494 PLANTING OUT. Chap. XXVIII. 



degrees of shade from forest-trees, in order to ascertain the 

 results of this method by actual experiment ; and 75 quite 

 in the open, the young plants being protected from the 

 direct rays of the sun by artificial shade during the first 

 year or two. The original stock will be retained in the 

 gardens at Ootacamund, for the purpose of propagation, 

 and the propagated plants will be used for stocking the 

 nurseries and plantations. 



With regard to the question of whether the chinchonae 

 should be planted out in dense shade of forest-trees or in 

 the open, it will be well to recapitulate some of the informa- 

 tion which has been collected in tlieii* native habitat in South 

 America. 



In the forests of Caravaya I observed that the plants of 

 C. Calisaya, when in dense sliade, were tall and weak, with 

 few branches, and without any sign of ever lia^dng flowered 

 or fruited. When very slightly shaded, as on the ridge of 

 rocks above the Yanamayu, or scarcely at all, as on the 

 precipice of Ccasa-sani, they spread more, have a more healthy 

 appearance, and are covered with capsule-bearing panicles ; 

 while the most thriving and healthy-looking young plant 

 that I met with, was growing in the open, without any shade 

 whatever. It is quite certain that an abundance of Kght and 

 air is an absolute necessity for the full development of the 

 alkaloids in the bark of C. Calisaya, and that the trees must 

 either grow at the edge of the forests, or else find their way 

 to the light, by overtopping all other trees : otherwise, as is 

 too often the case, they assume a weakly, straggling habit 

 under the baneful influence of dense shade. 



Dr. Weddell is of opinion that, during the first year or two, 

 the soil and trunks of young trees of C. Calisaya should be 

 protected from the direct influence of the scorching sun, as 

 he had observed that plants so exposed generally appeared 

 to have a stunted growth. He refers of course to the 

 Josephiana or shrub variety of C. Calisaya, but their dwarfed 



