Chap. XXYIII. PLANTING IN OPEN GROUND. 495 



habit must be attributed to the less fertile soil of the open 

 grass-land in wliich they grow, and partly also to the gi-eat 

 altitude, and consequently cold climate, rather than to effects 

 of exposure to light and air. 



With respect to the " red-bark " species, there cannot be 

 a doubt that they should be planted in the open. On this 

 point j\Ir. Spruce's observations are quite conclusive. He 

 says — " The trees standing in open ground, pasture, cane- 

 field, &c., are far healthier and more luxuriant than those 

 growing in the forest, where they are hemmed in and partially 

 shaded by other trees ; and while many of the former had 

 flowered freely, the latter were, without exception, sterile. 

 This plainly shows that, although the red-bark may need 

 shade whilst young and tender, it really requires (like most 

 trees) plenty of air, light, and room, wherein to develop its 

 proportions."* 



The " grey-bark " species all bear the marks of exposure 

 to free air, cold, and sunsliine ; and the overspreading 

 tliallus of various Grapidece on their barks indicates that the 

 trees have grown in open situations, exposed to rain and 

 sunshine.^ 



The C. Condaminea trees, in the neighbourhood of Loxa, 

 grow sometimes in little clumps, and sometimes solitary, but 

 always in dry situations.'' Dr. Seemann, who visited Loxa 

 when serving on board H.M.S. Herald, informs me that 

 tliose which he saw, bearing ripe fruit, were on the edge of 

 thickets, entirely exposed to the influence of air and sun- 

 shine. 



Dr. Weddell assures me that he would never recommend 

 that any of the chinchona-trees should be planted in the 

 dense shade of the forest, as in such a situation the greater 

 number would evidently soon be smothered. He is of opinion 

 that the Chinchonae, in India, should be planted in open 



•• Spruce "s Report, p. 23. 

 5 H«w;inl, Nup.rii Qninolofjin. N(is. 2 and 7. ^ Cross's Report, p. 5. 



