496 PLANTING UNDER FOREST-TREES, Chap. XXVIII. 



ground ; but he considers it important that the trunks and soil 

 should be shaded during the first year or two. He proposes to 

 effect this object either by planting the chinchonas at con- 

 venient distances in a quincunx, alternately with some more 

 fast-growing trees, which might be cut away when no longer 

 required ; '^ or by planting the chinchonas themselves close 

 enough to oblige each other to run up, sufficient space and 

 air being gradually provided by judicious pruning and thin- 

 ning out. The former method might be a good one if it 

 were not for the faster-growing trees taking up a great 

 proportion of the nourishment from the soil, which would be 

 more j)i'ofitably reserved for the chinchonas ; and probably 

 the efficient shading of the trees, while young and tender, 

 will be more easily and effectually provided for by simple 

 artificial means. 



Mr. Howard, the author of ' Nueva Quinologia de Pavon,^ 

 whose knowledge on all questions connected with chinchona- 

 plants is not surpassed by that of any botanist in Europe, is 

 clearly of opinion that they should be planted in the open, 

 without shade from other trees, and that they should be 

 cultivated as shrubs ; when their branches will yield an 

 ample and remunerative supply of bark. 



On the other hand. Dr. Junghuhu, in Java, has planted 

 his chinchonse under the dense shade of forest-trees, where 

 they must necessarily be watery and unhealthy, where they 

 will not flower or bear fruit, and where he does not expect 

 that they will yield quinine for fifty years, when he con- 

 templates the entire demolition of the plantations by felling 

 all the trees. Now, if such a system as this is to be adopted 

 in India, the chinchona-plants might as well never have been 

 introduced. The plantations would be a wasteful expense to 

 Government, with a remote chance of some profit, forming 



' See also Wecldell's Hhtoire NatKrelle des Quinqrivins, p. 32. 



