32 COCONUTS, KERNELS, AND CACAO. 



exhibited in 1909 in Berlin, and afterwards erected at 

 Mamfe on the Cross River (Cameroons). Similar plant 

 was also erected at Victoria in the Cameroons, and at 

 about the same time a French firm erected a plant of 

 French make at Cotonou in Dahomey. These early 

 factories were all on a small scale, working about 5 tons 

 of palm fruit per day. 



Subsequent power machinery falls into two classes 

 (1) those in which the whole fruit is pressed without 

 removal of the nuts, and (2) those in which the fruit 

 pulp is removed from the nuts and pressed alone. 



Noteworthy among the former are (a) the machines 

 devised by Poisson and constructed by Louis Labarre, 

 of Marseilles ; (b) the mill devised by Hupfeld and con- 

 structed by Messrs. Humboldt, of Cologne ; (c) the 

 machine patented by Hawkins. 



The most prominent of the second class was, before 

 the war, that of Haake, of Berlin. Other machines have 

 been patented by Buchanan and Tyrell, and by Dyer 

 and Innes-Ward. 



Complete plant for the preparation of palm oil in which 

 the pulp is removed from the nuts and then pressed is 

 made by A. F. Craig & Co., Ltd., Paisley, Scotland ; 

 A. Olier et Cie., Argenteuil, France ; and Louis Labarre, 

 Marseilles. The plant constructed by the first-mentioned 

 firm is known as the Caledonia dry plant, and differs in 

 method of working from most of the existing processes 

 in not steaming or boiling the fruit or pulp with water 

 before expression of oil. It is claimed for this process 

 that neither the fruit nor the oil comes in contact with 

 water, so that even if fatty acid and glycerine occur 

 in over-ripe fruit no glycerine is lost. The process of 



