Geology 

 Library 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PACK 



I. INTRODUCTION 3 



Life and Its Origin Protoplasm The Cell 

 Plants and Animals Regeneration. 



II. FACTORS IN EVOLUTION 19 



Heredity Environment Conditions for Plant 

 Growth Selection. 



III. THE LOWER PLANTS 47 



Bacteria Blue-green Algae Flagellata Vol- 

 vocales Green Algae Brown Algae Red Al- 

 gae Evolution of Sex in Algae Fungi. 



IV. THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS .... 80 



The Ancestors of the Land Plants The First 

 Terrestrial Plants Alternation of Generations 

 Bryophytes or Mosses Pteridophytes or 

 Ferns Fossil Archegoniates Heterospory 

 Origin of Seeds Fossil Pteridophytes. 

 V. SEED-PLANTS ....... 120 



Selaginella The First Seed-Plants Gymno- 

 sperms and Angiosperms Cycads Ginkgoales 

 Coniferales Gnetales Resume. 

 VI. THE ANGIOSPERMS ...... 147 



Fossil Angiosperms The Flower The Fruit 

 Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Evolution 

 of the Flower in the Angiosperms Cross- 

 pollination Adaptability of Angiosperms 

 Summary. 

 VII. ENVIRONMENT AND ADAPTATION .... 186 



Marine Plants Terrestrial Plants Aquatics 

 Mesophytes Xerophytes Halophytes Light 

 as a Formative Agent Fungi Parasites and 

 Saprophytes Symbiosis Plants and Animals 

 Reproduction Cross-pollination, 

 iii 



