STOCK AND CION HANDLING 195 



from pomace within 24 hours of pressing should be 

 spread out to dry for a day or two, then mixed with moist sand 

 and buried in well-drained sites in small boxes with holes in the 

 bottoms for drainage, and left over winter. He has been most suc- 

 cessful when the seeds were planted in beds four feet wide, sur- 

 rounded by 12-inch boards and given lath screen shade as soon as the 

 seedlings begin to appear. 



251. Dwarf apples. Hedrick of the New York State 

 station reports a ten-year experiment with dwarf apples. 

 That part of the summary which deals mainly with the 

 results of propagation is slightly condensed thus : 



The results show: 1. That the union between stock and cion is 

 poorer with Doucin and French Paradise and with French Crab, 

 and that varieties unite less well on French Paradise than on 

 Doucin stocks. 2. Doucin and French Paradise stocks are less 

 hardy than French Crab; and of the two dwarfs. French Paradise 

 is much less hardy. 3. The greatest weakness of dwarfing stock 

 for New York is surface-routing, in which character the two 

 stocks cannot be distinguished. Evil results following surface 

 rooting are winterkilling, uprooting of trees by wind, suckering and 

 injury in cultivation. 4. Suckers from both dwarfing stocks prove 

 much more troublesome than with standard trees. 5. Trees on 

 the three stocks attained the size commonly ascribed to them ; those 

 on French Crab, full size ; on Doucin half dwarf ; on French 

 Paradise, true dwarf. In this test the dwarfing effect of dwarf 

 stock is not as marked as is commonly reputed. 



252. Dwarfing trees to be grown in the open requires 

 that cions or buds be worked on slow-growing stocks and 

 later headed in. Plants may also be dwarfed by growing 

 them in confined quarters, such as boxes, tubs and pots 

 too small for their normal development. Nurserymen can 

 go no further than supplying the specimens ; after care 

 depends upon the grower, who by neglect or ignorance 

 may develop standards from those intended to be dwarfs. 



When grafted or budded "dwarfs" are planted so 

 deeply that roots are developed by the cion above the 

 union with the stock, the tree will become "half dwarf" 

 or even "standard." Such roots must be cut off from 

 time to time as they develop. Dwarf cherries are grown 

 on mahaleb stocks, but so are probably the majority of 

 standard cherry trees. Annual removal of roots from the 

 cion and heading-in will keep the trees dwarf in habit. 



