Index 



359 



Packing industry : 



origin of, in Virginia, 211 

 Paley's Natural Theology, 49 

 Palps, ciliation of, 60 

 as organs for the selection of 

 food and the rejection of 

 objectionable material, 61 

 of the oyster, 21 

 Pamlico Sound, depth of, 243 

 effect of storms on, 247 

 history of the oyster industry 



on, 243 

 Maryland oyster dredges on, 



244 



oyster production of, 245 

 tides in, 231, 243 

 Paper shell clams, 282 

 Pearls, formation of, 15 

 Pecten irradians (see Scallop) 

 Pholas, ciliated membrane of, 



66 



Pirates, oyster, cruelties prac- 

 tised by, 221 



recruiting of crews by, 221 

 depredations of, 220 

 of Maryland, 218 

 Pliny, reference by, to early 



oyster culture, 69 

 Plymouth clam flats, 279, 316 

 Polar cells, 43 



bear, soft clam eaten by, 278 

 Ponds, oyster, in France, 83 

 Potomac River, 207 

 Private ownership of beaches, 



315 

 Puget Sound, planting of native 



oysters in, 270 

 no reproduction of eastern 



oysters in, 272 

 the soft clam in, 319 



Quahaug, derivation of name of, 

 321 (see Hard clam) 



Racks, use of, in French oyster 

 culture, 84 



Rappahannock River, illegal 

 dredging in, 219 



Raritan Bay oyster field, 204 



Reproduction of eastern oys- 

 ter not possible in Puget 

 Sound, 272 



Revenue from Chesapeake Bay, 



223 

 an object of laws in Maryland 



and Virginia, 228 

 from oyster leases in Mary- 

 land, 218 



Ripple marks on clam flats, 285 

 Ryder, Professor J. A., experi- 

 ments of, on artificial fer- 

 tilization of oyster eggs, 114 



St. Bernard Parish, freshening 



of waters of, 263 

 natural oyster beds of, 256 

 shell accumulations of, 257 

 shore of, 256 

 tides in, 257 

 Sale of bottoms, objections to, 



181 

 Salinity of water, determination 



of, 97 

 affecting the soft clam, 288, 



in the Gulf of Mexico, 54, 265 

 maximum and minimum, and 



reproduction, 99 

 sudden changes of, 99 

 its variation in North Caro- 

 lina, 242 

 Sand, reclaiming bottoms by use 



of, 84 



shifting of, 127, 248 

 San Francisco Bay, eastern 



oysters in, 270, 271 ^ 

 Scallops, Atlantic species of, 



280, 336 



attachment of, 342 

 breeding season of, 340 

 ciliation of the gills of, 64 

 common names of, 335 

 creeping habit of, 344 

 distribution of, 335, 339 

 dredging of, 339 

 enemies of, 348 

 eyes of, 336 

 foot of, 341 

 freshening of, 334 

 gills of, 32 

 growth of, 345 

 hermaphroditism in, 24 

 length of life of, 346, 34$ 

 life of, prolonged beyond the 

 reproductive period, 347 



